Flamingo City (18132)
India, Asia
Site overview
KBA status: confirmed
Year of last assessment: 2004
National site name: Flamingo City
Central coordinates: Latitude: 24.0000, Longitude: 69.8667
System: freshwater, terrestrial
Elevation (m): 15 to 438
Area of KBA (km2): 287.47968
KBA classification: Global/Regional TBD
Legacy site: Yes
Site details
Site description: Flamingo City lies in the Rann of Kutch, 10 km northeast of Nir at the tip of Pachchham Island south of Solanki Bet. The area is famous for the nesting of Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber. Maharao Khengarji was the first to confirm the breeding of Greater Flamingos in India (Shivrajkumar et al. 1960) and later confirmed that they breed in large numbers, in the so-called Flamingo City (Rao 1909). Later, Ali (1945) estimated a total population in the order of half a million birds in 1945. The Flamingo City is now a part of the Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary (7,50,622 ha). The habitat of the Sanctuary is true saline desert in low-lying flats, with an average altitude of 15 cm above msl (Singh 1998). Kala-Dungar is the highest point (438 m) within the Sanctuary. The flat sterile land (called Rann) becomes submerged during the rainy season. Flamingos nest only when the water level is optimum (both due to good rainfall and ingress of sea water). Other habitats of this sprawling Sanctuary include the bets or islands supporting vegetation, seasonal waterbodies, saline-alkaline scrub, Prosopis scrubland, desert thorn scrub forest in the hilly region Kala-Dungar, and marsh vegetation (Singh 1998). Plant diversity is poor in this area. Salvadora persica, S. oleoides, Capparis aphylla, C. decidua, Commiphora wightii, Zizyphus sp., Acacia senegal, Balanites sp., Euphorbia sp., Prosopis spicigera, P. chilensis, Aeluropus logopoides, Suaeda sp. and Cressa cretica are the main species on bets and uplands (Singh 1998). The Rann is more or less devoid of vegetation. Interestingly, a small patch of mangroves is found, about 100 km inland, due to the saline water (Ranjitsinh 1985).
Rationale for qualifying as KBA: This site qualifies as a Key Biodiversity Area of international significance because it meets one or more previously established criteria and thresholds for identifying sites of biodiversity importance (including Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas, Alliance for Zero Extinction sites, and Key Biodiversity Areas)
Additional biodiversity: AVIFAUNA: This site (Flamingo City) has been selected as an IBA based on its importance as a breeding ground of the Greater Flamingo in India. Over 70,000 birds nest in an area of about 100 ha (H. S. Singh pers. comm. 2001). Besides the flamingoes, some globally threatened species are also reported. This is the only known site in India where the Rosy Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus has been found breeding (Ali 1960). OTHER KEY FAUNA: The most famous mammal is the Indian Wild Ass Equus onager found mainly at the junction the Little Rann of Kutch. Other species include Chinkara Gazella bennettii, Grey Wolf Canis lupus, and Caracal Caracal caracal (Singh 1998). Bluebul Boselaphus tragocamelus, Wild Boar Sus scrofa, Striped hyena Hyaena hyaena, Desert Fox Vulpes vulpes, Civet Cat Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis, Common Mongoose Herpestes edwardsi and Porcupine Hystrix indica are also found in suitable habitats.
Habitats
Land use: military | nature conservation and research | urban/industrial/transport
| IUCN Habitat | Coverage % | Habitat detail |
|---|---|---|
| Desert | 25 | |
| Shrubland | 25 | |
| Forest | 25 | |
| Wetlands(Inland) | 25 |
Threats
Summary of threats to biodiversity at KBA: MAIN THREATS: Unregulated tourism; Army movement. Flamingo City is a part of the large Desert Wildlife Sanctuary. Most of the desert area is not used by people and appears to be protected, yet there is disturbance due to the movement of the Indian Army. Army activities cause serious disturbance to the site. As Flamingo City has become quite popular amongst the Army, any visiting dignitary is taken there, sometimes at the peak of the breeding season. Aerial sorties, to have a closer look, disturb the breeding birds. This could be easily avoided with greater sensitization and involvement of the Army personnel. Otherwise, there appears to be no danger to this remote area. As the final notification of the Sanctuary has not been done, there is a looming threat to totally dismantle this Sanctuary. Frequent drought and scarcity of water are the limiting factors on biodiversity. Being a part of a large desert area, it is difficult to demarcate and manage it properly. Final notification of the Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary is still pending, mainly due to objection by the Army. As the Sanctuary is close to the Indo-Pakistan border, it is of strategic importance to the Army. Therefore, involvement of the Army is absolutely essential for the protection of Flamingo City and the fragile desert ecosystem.
| Threat level 1 | Threat level 2 | Threat level 3 | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Transportation & service corridors | Roads & railroads | Only in the future |
Additional information
References: Ali, S. (1945) More about the Flamingo [Phoenicopterus ruber roseus (Pallas)] in Kutch. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 45: 586-593. Ali, S. (1960) Flamingo city revisited: Nesting of the Rosy Pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus Lanneus) in the Rann of Kutch. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 57: 412-415. McCann, C. (1939) The Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber antiquorum Temm.). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 41: 12-38. Ranjitsinh, M. K. (1985) An “island’ Sanctuary in Kutch. J. Bombay Nat. His. Soc. 82: 180-182. Rao, K. (1909) The Lesser Flamingo (Phoenicopterus minor) in Cutch. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 19: 262. Shivrajkumar, Naik, R. M. and Lavkumar, K. S. (1960) A visit to the Flamingo city in the Great Rann of Kutch. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 57: 465-478. Singh, H. S. (1998) Wildlife of Gujarat, Gujarat Ecological Education and Research (GEER) Foundation, Gandhinagar. Pp. 123.