Jarawa Reserve (Middle Andaman and South Andaman) (18006)
India, Asia
Site overview
KBA status: confirmed
Global KBA criteria: B2
Year of last assessment: 2004
National site name: Jarawa Reserve (Middle Andaman and South Andaman)
Central coordinates: Latitude: 12.6667, Longitude: 92.8000
System: terrestrial
Elevation (m): 7 00
Area of KBA (km2): 292.02451
KBA classification: Global
Legacy site: Yes
Site details
Site description: The Jarawa Reserve area extends in a long strip from Middle to South Andamans along the western coast. The area has been set aside for the Jarawas, an aboriginal Negrito tribe of hunter gatherers entirely dependent on the forest and marine resources for their existence (Gandhi 2000). Until recently, they were hostile and isolated from modern civilization, but now there is increasing contact. Rodgers and Panwar (1988) recommended that the site should be declared as a wildlife sanctuary, to allow the inhabitants to pursue their traditional way of life and to give a strong deterrent to any incompatible land use. The area was designated as the Tribal Reserve for Jarawas under the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Protection of Aboriginal Tribes) Regulation, 1956. This area is characterized by the presence of different forest types including Evergreen, Moist Deciduous forests, mangroves, and large perennial freshwater streams, large freshwater marshes and the largest remaining stands of Nypa Palm Nypa fruticans (Andrews and Sankaran 2002).
Rationale for qualifying as KBA: This site qualifies as a Key Biodiversity Area of international significance that meets the thresholds for at least one criterion described in the Global Standard for the Identification of KBAs.
Additional biodiversity: AVIFAUNA: The hostility of the Jarawas towards intruders in their territory has made it impossible to carry out detailed surveys of the flora and fauna of the reserve. Ravi Sankaran (pers. comm. 2002) estimates the presence of at least 10 Restricted Range species of birds, of which one, the Andaman Crake Rallina canningi is globally threatened. It is, however, evident that the reserve area is rich in living resources as it provides sustenance to the Jarawas by way of edible and medicinal plants, meat, fish, wood and material for building their huts, and other requirements (Gandhi 2000). Recent surveys have shown that the forest of Middle Andaman is rich in bird and butterfly diversity (Davidar et al. 1995), and a large number of endemic and threatened plants. The population of the endemic Andaman Wild Pig Sus scrofa appears to be healthy. A substantial portion of the best forested areas of the Middle and South Andaman is covered by the Reserve, so the Reserve is expected to be exceptionally rich likewise (Gandhi 2000). Except for the Narcondam Hornbill Aceros narcondami, which is restricted to Narcondam Island (Ali and Ripley 1987, Grimmett et al. 1999), and the Nicobar Megapode Megapodius nicobariensis which was earlier distributed in the Andamans and is now extinct in these islands, all the extant endemic species identified by Stattersfield et al. (1998) from this Endemic Bird Area are likely to be seen in the Reserve. Moreover, many endemic subspecies of birds (Abdulali 1964, Vijayan and Sankaran 2000) are also found in this IBA. Therefore, the conservation value of this IBA is immense. Recently, Rasmussen and Anderton (in press) have upgraded many subspecies to specie level. For instance, the earlier three subspecies of Pompadour Pigeon Treron pompadora have been upgraded to species, and one (new) species, Treron choloroptera has been found in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Andaman Pompadour Pigeon is still common and may not be of much conservation concern, but there are some cases where the ‘new’ species has very restricted distribution and may be extremely rare. Earlier, as a subspecies, it was not considered of great conservation concern, therefore not listed by BirdLife International (2001), but now it must be reassessed. A good example is the subspecies of the Barn Owl Tyto alba found in Andaman, T. alba deroepstorffi. Ali and Ripley (1987) named it as Andaman Barn Owl and state ‘evidently a very scarce resident in the Andaman Islands…. not recorded from the Nicobars.’ Rasmussen and Anderton (in press) treat it as a species, which means that it is perhaps one of the endemics and rare species of the Andaman Islands. As the forest is largely intact in the Jarawa Reserve, the Andaman Barn Owl is likely to be present in fairly good numbers on this site. Status survey of this bird is urgently required. OTHER KEY FAUNA: The Andaman Wild Pig Sus scrofa andamanensis, Andaman Masked Palm Civet Paguma larvata tytleri, introduced Chital Axis axis, and Flying Fox Pteropus melanotus are usually seen here. This site also supports a unique diversity of herpetofauna and the rare and endemic species of reptiles such as Anderson’s Pit Viper Cryptelytrops andersoni, Small-eared Island Skink Lipinia macrotympanum and Andaman Water Monitor Varanus salvator andamanensis (Anon. 2001).
Habitats
Land use: hunting | nature conservation and research
| IUCN Habitat | Coverage % | Habitat detail |
|---|---|---|
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal | 50 | |
| Forest | 50 |
Threats
Summary of threats to biodiversity at KBA: MAIN THREATS: Introduced Chital poses a major threat to indigenous flora; Construction of roads; Immigration of mainlanders and its ecological impact; Traffic on the Andaman Trunk Road; Encroachment into the Reserve. Andrews and Sankaran (2002) mentioned that the greatest threat to the Reserve is the Andaman trunk road which cuts right through it, causing irreversible damage and disturbance to the forest. The road has brought with it roadside settlements, some of which have now become small townships. There is continuous traffic on the road. People from the settlements encroach on the Reserve area and deplete the food and natural resources of the Jarawas. The settlers are involved in illegal activities such as poaching Andaman Wild Pig, which is an important food resource for the Jarawas, cutting wood from the Reserve and fishing. The Jarawas will not survive if they are denied the land and resources on which they depend for their traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle. Threats to the Reserve also threaten their culture.
| Threat level 1 | Threat level 2 | Threat level 3 | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops | Small-holder farming | Ongoing |
| Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases | Named species | Ongoing |
| Biological resource use | Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | Intentional use (species being assessed is the target) | Ongoing |
| Human intrusions & disturbance | Work & other activities | Ongoing | |
| Residential & commercial development | Housing & urban areas | Ongoing | |
| Transportation & service corridors | Roads & railroads | Ongoing |
Additional information
References: Abdulali, H. (1964) The Birds of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 61(3): 483-571. Ali, S. and Ripley, S. D. (1987) Compact Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan (Second Edition). Oxford University Press, Delhi. Andrews, H. V. and Sankaran, V. (eds.) (2002) Sustainable management of Protected Areas in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Environmental Team, Indian Institute of Public Administration, and Fauna and Flora International, New Delhi. Pp 99, 104. Anonymous (2001) Reptile CAMP Handbook. Vol. I. Reptiles endemic to India. South Asian Reptile Network, Zoo Outreach Organization, Coimbatore. BirdLife International (2001) Threatened Birds of Asia: BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K. Davidar, P., Devi, S., Yoganand, T. R. K. and Ganesh, T. (1995) Reserve size and implications for the conservation of biodiversity in the Andaman Islands in Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity in Tropical and Temperate Forests; Eds. Boyle, T.J.B and Boontawee, B. CIFOR, Indonesia. Gandhi, T. (2000) Prioritising sites for conservation in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands: With special reference to Fauna, pp. 82-93. In: Setting Biodiversity Conservation Priorities for India. Ed: Singh, S., Sastry, A. R. K., Mehta, R. and Uppal, V. WWF-India, New Delhi, India Pp xxvii + 707. Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C. and Inskipp, T. (1999) Pocket Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. Oxford University Press, New Delhi. Rasmussen, P. C. and Anderton, J. C. (in press) Birds of South Asia: the Ripley guide. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Rodgers, W. A. and Panwar, H. S. (1988) Planning a wildlife protected area network in India. Vol.1.The Report. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun. Stattersfield, A. J., Crosby, M. J., Long, A. J. and Wege, D. C. (1998) Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation. BirdLife Conservation Series No. 7. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K. Vijayan, L. and Sankaran, R. (2000) A study on the ecology, status and conservation perspective of certain rare endemic avifauna of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Final Report. Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore Pp. 184.