Orang National Park (18095)
India, Asia

Site overview

KBA status: confirmed

Year of last assessment: 2005

National site name: Orang National Park

Central coordinates: Latitude: 26.6383, Longitude: 92.3883

System: freshwater, terrestrial

Elevation (m): 40 to 50

Area of KBA (km²): 78.701

KBA classification: Global/Regional TBD

Legacy site: Yes

Site details

Site description: Orang National Park is well known as an important habitat the Indian One-horned Rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis. The Park lies 18 km off the national highway from Orang town and 15 km off the highway from Dhansirimukh town. The distance from Guwahati to Orang is 140 km. The Park is situated on the northern bank of the Brahmaputra river. The Pachnoi and Dhansiri rivers flow along its eastern and western boundaries respectively. Both these rivers are tributaries of the Brahmaputra. The terrain is flat, being the floodplain of these rivers. Two distinct alluvial terraces are found: the lower Orang of more recent origin along the river Brahmaputra and the older upper Orang to its north, separated by a high bank traversing the National Park from east to west. Orang was earlier a pure alluvial grassland, probably maintained by grazing and fire by villagers. In 1915, it was declared a Game Reserve. The villagers deserted the area due to an epidemic. In 1932, plantation of fast growing local species such as Albizzia procera and Lagerstroemia flosreginae was started and some parts of the Reserve were denotified in 1928 to settle farmers from the erstwhile East Bengal under the Grow-More-Food programme. Intensive plantation was started in 1962. Along with the earlier planted local species, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia catechu, Tectona grandis, Artocarpus chaplasha, Terminalia spp., Gmelina arborea and Bombax ceiba were planted. In 1969, Professional Grazing Reserve (PGR) areas east of the River Pachnoi were included in the Game Reserve. Mainly established to save the highly endangered Rhinoceros, the grasslands of the Park also support healthy populations of the Swamp Francolin Francolinus gularis and Bengal Florican Houbaropsis bengalensis. Lesser Adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus and Pallas’s Fish-Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus nest in the Park (Rahmani et al. 1990). There is also a recent record of sighting of the Bristled Grass-Warbler Chaetornis striatus (Choudhury 2000). At one time, Orang was one of the finest representatives of natural wet, alluvial grasslands of the floodplains of the Brahmaputra river (much like Kaziranga). Even now, more than 60% of the Park is under grasses such as Arundo donax, Imperata cylindrica, Saccharum spp., Cynodon dactylon, Phragmites karka and Andropogon spp. Natural forest constitutes only 2.6%, while planted forest covers 13.6% of this Park. Waterbodies (beels) and swamps constitute about 12% of the area.

Rationale for qualifying as KBA: This site qualifies as a Key Biodiversity Area of international significance because it meets one or more previously established criteria and thresholds for identifying sites of biodiversity importance (including Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas, Alliance for Zero Extinction sites, and Key Biodiversity Areas) KBA identified in the CEPF Ecosystem Profile of the Eastern Himalayas Hotspot (2005). Taxonomy, nomenclature and threat category follow the 2002 IUCN Red List.

Additional biodiversity: AVIFAUNA: Orang is one of the most important sites for birds of wet, tall grasslands of the Indo-Gangetic plains. Almost all species of conservation concern are found in this small National Park of nearly 8,000 ha. During surveys between 1985 and 1989, Rahmani et al. (1990) estimated a population of 30-40 Bengal Floricans. This IBA site contains about 225 bird species (Talukdar and Sharma 1995), including rarities such as Baer’s Pochard Aythya baeri, Blyth’s Kingfisher Alcedo hercules and Finn’s Weaver or Yellow Weaver Ploceus megarhynchus. Orang is also one of the few protected areas where Finn’s Baya or Yellow Weaver Ploceus megarhynchus is found. The other wellknown site being Manas (IBA). It is considered as one of the three Outstanding IBAs of Assam (BirdLife International 2003). This site qualifies two criteria: it has globally threatened species (A1), and it has more than 1% of the population of the Bengal Florican (A4ii) criteria. Stattersfield et al. (1998) have listed three species in the Assam Plains Endemic Bird Area (EBA) (Manipur Bush Quail Perdicula manipurensis, Black-breasted Parrotbill Paradoxornis flavirostris and Marsh Babbler Pellorneum palustre). Looking at the extent of grasslands habitat, the last two species are likely to be present in this site. OTHER KEY FAUNA: Orang NP was declared for the protection of the Rhinoceros. Between 50-60 rhinos are found here, despite intensive poaching pressure. A healthy population of Tiger Panthera tigris is maintained by herbivores such as Hog Deer Axis porcinus, Wild Pig Sus scrofa and a very large number of domestic animals that roam just outside the Park. This small area also has a small population of wild Asiatic Elephant Elephas maximus. Gangetic Dolphin Plantanista gangetica also occurs in the rivers. Chinese Pangolin Manis pentadactyla, Chinese Porcupine Hystrix brachyura, Small Civet Viverricula indica, Jungle Cat Felis chaus, Smooth Indian Otter Lutrogale perspicillata and Rufous-tailed Hare Lepus nigricollis ruficaudatus are some of the small mammals of the Park. The Swamp Deer Cervus duvaucelii population was exterminated by 1972, when license hunting prevailed (Talukdar and Sharma 1995). Old records also show the existence of Hispid Hare Caprolagus hispidus, but it is not found in Orang now. Pygmy Hog Sus salvanius, another highly endangered species, was introduced in 1976 rather unsuccessfully. Reptiles are represented by the Indian Tent Turtle Kachuga tentoria, Brown Roof Turtle K. smithi, Malayan Box Turtle Cuora amboinensis, Eastern Hill Terrapin Melanochelys tricarinata, Spotted Black Terrapin Geoclemys hamiltonii, Indian Softshelled Turtle Aspideretes gangetica (Talukdar and Sharma 1995). All these are listed in the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972. A new species of frog, Kalophrynus orangensis, was described from Orang (Ahmed 2002).

Habitats

Land use: nature conservation and research | tourism/recreation

IUCN Habitat	Coverage %	Habitat detail
Grassland	33
Wetlands(Inland)	33
Forest	33

Threats

Summary of threats to biodiversity at KBA: MAIN THREATS: Poaching; Encroachment; Soil erosion; Livestock grazing. Erosion by the Dhansiri river, occasional attempts by the surrounding villagers to encroach and increasing cattle population in the fringe areas are some of the key conservation issues. Charaching of rhino is a constant threat. During the early 1990s, due to good management, poaching of rhino was eliminated, but in recent years, it has gone up and now from 90 in 1996, the population is probably 50-60 heads. It is necessary to post highly motivated officers so the old glory of Orang could be brought back. Environmental awareness campaign should be started in the surrounding villages. A more detailed study on bird life, especially threatened species should be conducted.

Threat level 1	Threat level 2	Threat level 3	Timing
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops	Small-holder farming	Ongoing
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching	Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming	Ongoing
Biological resource use	Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals	Intentional use (species being assessed is the target)	Ongoing
Natural system modifications	Other ecosystem modifications		Ongoing

Additional information

References: Ahmed, M. F. (2002) Amphibians of Northeast India. The Rhino Foundation for nature in NE India Newsletter 4: 15-16. BirdLife International (2003) Saving Asia’s Threatened Birds: A Guide for Government and Civil Society. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K. Choudhury, A. U. (2000) The Birds of Assam. Gibbon Books & WWFIndia NE Region, Guwahati. Rahmani, A. R., Narayan, G., Rosalind, L. and Sankaran, R. (1990) Status of the Bengal Florican in India. In: Status and Ecology of the Lesser and Bengal Floricans, with reports on Jerdon’s Courser and Mountain Quail. Final Report. Bombay Natural History Society. Pp. 55-78. Talukdar, B. N. and Sharma, P. (1995) Checklist of the Birds of Orang Wildlife Sanctuary. Privately distributed. Guwahati. Stattersfield, A. J., Crosby, M. J., Long, A. J. and Wege, D. C. (1998) Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation. BirdLife Conservation Series No. 7. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K.