Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary (18241)
India, Asia
Site overview
KBA status: confirmed
Year of last assessment: 2007
National site name: Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary
Central coordinates: Latitude: 10.3425, Longitude: 77.1958
System: terrestrial
Elevation (m): 400 to 2400
Area of KBA (km2): 83.93101
Protected area coverage (%): 97.09
KBA classification: Global/Regional TBD
Legacy site: Yes
Site details
Site description: Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary comprises an area of 9,044 ha along the rain shadow region of the Western Ghats. This area was formerly known as Chinnar Reserve Forest and was a part of Marayoor Range of Munnar Forest Division. Considering its ecological, faunal, floral and geomorphological significance, it was declared as the Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary in 1984. Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary has a special status compared to other sanctuaries in Kerala due to the presence of thorn scrub jungle. Being in a rain shadow area, rainfall in some areas is about 500 mm. The importance of Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary is enhanced by its proximity to Eravikulam National Park (IBA) in the west and Annamalai Wildlife Sanctuary (IBA) in north and east. Thus it serves as a corridor for the movement and dispersal of animals. Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the two regions in Kerala on the leeward side of the Western Ghats (Sasidharan, undated). Because of these climatic and geographic characteristics, the flora resembles that of Deccan region. The Chinnar is perhaps the driest sanctuary of Kerala, with notable absence of semi-evergreen and evergreen forests. The scrub and dry vegetation is highly prone to fire. The vegetation of the Sanctuary can be described as Southern Tropical Thorn Forest, Dry Deciduous Forest, Moist Deciduous Forest, Riparian Forest, hill shola forest and grassland (Sasidharan, undated). The dominant plant species of the Sanctuary are represented by Chloroxylum swietenia, Anogeissus latifolia, Strychnos potatoram and Ixora arborea (Chandrashekara et al. 2002).
Rationale for qualifying as KBA: This site qualifies as a Key Biodiversity Area of international significance because it meets one or more previously established criteria and thresholds for identifying sites of biodiversity importance (including Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas, Alliance for Zero Extinction sites, and Key Biodiversity Areas) KBA identified in the CEPF Ecosystem Profile of the Western Ghats Hotspot (2007). Taxonomy, nomenclature and threat status follow the 2002 IUCN Red List.
Additional biodiversity: AVIFAUNA: Despite its unique status for Kerala state for being dry where all other regions are quite wet, not much work has been conducted on the avifauna of this Sanctuary. The earlier management plan listed only 10 bird species! Nameer and George (1991) during short stay compiled a list of 116 birds but added “it should not be taken as the last word on the avifauna of this bird rich region.” As this site does not have typical forest cover of the Western Ghats, not many of the endemic birds of the Western Ghats (16 in total) were recorded here. Interestingly, the globally threatened Yellow-throated Bulbul Pycnonotus xantholaemus, a bird endemic to the boulder-strewn scrub forests of peninsular India (Ali and Ripley 1987, Grimmet et al. 1998) is found here (P. O. Nameer 1995). This is the only site in Kerala where this species is found. Also, the Near threatened Nigiri Pipit Anthus nilghiriensis is seen here. As the site geographically lies in the Western Ghats, it comes under Biome-10 (Indian Peninsula Tropical Moist Forest), according to the classification of BirdLife International (undated). However, as it does not have thick forest cover, most of the birds listed in Biome-10 are not found here. Nevertheless, the following are seen: Small Green-billed Malkoha Phaenicophaeus viridirostris, Whitecheeked Barbet Megalaima viridis and Crimson-throated Barbet Megalaima rubricapilla (Nameer and Geroge, 1991). Sixteen species of Biome-11 (Indo-Malayan Tropical Dry Zone) are seen in this IBA. OTHER KEY FAUNA: Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, along with Srivalliputtur Grizzled Giant Squirrel Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu, are two important sites of the Grizzled Giant Squirrel Ratufa macroura (Ramachandran 1993). A 16 km public road connecting Munnar and Udumelpettu passes more or less through the middle of the Sanctuary from Karimutty to Chinnar. Forest contiguity is broken in many places due to roads and 220 KV power lines, thus disrupting the movement of the endangered Grizzled Giant Squirrel. Another interesting animal is the Starred Tortoise Geochelone elegans, an animal of the dry scrubland. It is not rare, although listed as Schedule I in the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, its presence in Chinnar is noteworthy as it is not found in other parts of Kerala. Other important mammals found in the Sanctuary are Tiger Panthera tigris, Leopard Panthera pardus, Asian Elephant Elephas maximus, Gaur Bos gaurus, Sambar Cervus unicolor, Chital Axis axis, Indian Giant Squirrel Ratufa indica, Lion-tailed Macaque Macaca silenus, and Bonnet Macaque Macaca radiata, Wild Dog Cuon alpinus, Wild Boar Sus scrofa, Indian Porcupine Hystrix indica and Blacknaped Hare Lepus nigricollis.
Habitats
Land use: nature conservation and research
| IUCN Habitat | Coverage % | Habitat detail |
|---|---|---|
| Forest | 33 | |
| Wetlands(Inland) | 33 | |
| Grassland | 33 |
Threats
Summary of threats to biodiversity at KBA: MAIN THREATS: Grazing; Firewood collection; Fragmentation due to powerlines and roads. The tribal Mudhuvas and Hill Pulayas had traditionally settled in the Sanctuary in ten different places. In the past, they used to depend for food on the forest alone, now they cultivate ragi and lemon grass. However, they still depend on the forest for some food plants, firewood, and to graze their cattle. The local population of the neighbouring village of Marayoor also collects firewood from this area. The tribals also collect minor forest produce such as honey. Educationally and socio-economically, the tribals are very backward. Schemes have to be developed to resettle them outside the Sanctuary. They should be provided with smokeless stoves (chulahs) to reduce the consumption of firewood. Fire management is a controversial issue in Chinnar. This site has scrub jungle vegetation which is maintained by occasional natural fires. However, since it was declared a Sanctuary, the Forest Department has prevented all types of fires resulting in the alteration of vegetation, definitely to an upper level of succession, but detrimental to many of the fauna, associated with the thorny scrub jungle type of vegetation (P. O. Nameer in litt. 2003).
| Threat level 1 | Threat level 2 | Threat level 3 | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops | Small-holder farming | Ongoing |
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Livestock farming & ranching | Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming | Ongoing |
| Natural system modifications | Fire & fire suppression | Suppression in fire frequency/intensity | Ongoing |
| Biological resource use | Gathering terrestrial plants | Unintentional effects (species being assessed is not the target) | Ongoing |
| Biological resource use | Logging & wood harvesting | Unintentional effects: subsistence/small scale (species being assessed is not the target) [harvest] | Ongoing |
| Transportation & service corridors | Roads & railroads | Ongoing | |
| Transportation & service corridors | Utility & service lines | Ongoing |
Additional information
References: Ali, S. and Ripley, S. D. (1987) Compact Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Oxford University Press, New Delhi. BirdLife International (undated) Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in Asia: Project briefing book. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K., unpublished. BirdLife International (2001) Threatened Birds of Asia: The BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K. Chandrashekara, U. M., Menon, A. R. R Nair, K. K. N., Sasidharan, N. and Swarupanandan, K. (2002) Evaluation of tree species diversity in different forest types of Kerala by laying out permannent sample plots. Pp 50-61. Biodiversity ‘Hotspots’ Conservation Programme (BHCP). Final Report 1992-2002, Vol- I (Western Ghats). Forests & Biodiversity Conservation Division, World Wide Fund For Nature - India, New Delhi. Pp 195. Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C. and Inskipp, T. (1998) Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. Christopher Helm (Publishers) Ltd., London, U.K. Nameer, P. O. (1995) Birds of Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary - a survey report. KAU & Kerala Forest Department. Nameer, P. O. and George, S. J. (1991) Avifauna of Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary. Newsletter for Birdwatchers 31(9-10): 7-9. Ramachandran, K. K. (1993) Status survey and distribution of endangered Grizzled Giant Squirrel in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, India. Indian Journal of Forestry 16(3): 226-231. Sasidharan, N. (undated) Study on the flora of Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary. KFRI Report No. 167. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi.
Contributors: Key contributor: P. O. Nameer.