Suchindram Therur, Vembanoor (18403)
India, Asia
Site overview
KBA status: confirmed
Year of last assessment: 2004
National site name: Suchindram Therur, Vembanoor
Central coordinates: Latitude: 8.0833, Longitude: 77.5000
System: marine, terrestrial
Elevation (m): 5 to 200
Area of KBA (km2): 5.2757
KBA classification: Regional
Legacy site: Yes
Site details
Site description: Suchindram, Theroor and Vembanoor wetlands that form this IBA lie in the Kanyakumari district, at the southernmost tip of peninsular India. The history of these natural tanks is age old, but it is known that kings contributed a great deal to the irrigation facilities. Copper plate inscriptions from the 9th century mention Pasumkulam, Venchikulam, Nedumarthukulam, Perumkulam, Elemchikulam and Konadunkulam. The Pandyan king Veeranarayana was known to have had some of the tanks constructed. Veeranarayana Mangalam is named after King Veeranarayana, who built the Therrakal canal to take water from River Pazhayar to the tanks Thathiarkulam, Puthukiramamkulam and Theroorkulam. The famous Suchindram tank was built about 1,000 years ago. It is fed from the Kumari Dam constructed across Pazhayar (also called Palayar) below Sabari Dam. The Sabari and Kumari Dams may be more than 1000 years old. The River Pazhayar collects the entire drainage of the valley and irrigates a substantial part of Nanchilwadu. The main Pazhayar stream passes through Bhuthapandi-kottar, Thazhakudi and Suchindram tanks and enters the Manakudi estuary. These tanks were located towards Tiruneveli district on the northeast of the Gulf of Mannar. On the south and southwest, the IBA is bounded by Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea. Kanyakumari district receives rainfall from both the southwest and the northeast monsoons. The southwest monsoon starts from June and ends in September, while the northeast monsoon extends from October to the middle of December.
Rationale for qualifying as KBA: This site qualifies as a Key Biodiversity Area of international significance that was identified using previously established criteria and thresholds for the identification of Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) and for which available data indicate that it does not meet global KBA criteria and thresholds set out in the Global Standard.
Additional biodiversity: AVIFAUNA: About 250 species of birds have been recorded in the district, of which 53 species are migratory, twelve are endemic and four species threatened (Balachandran 1998). Birds such as Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis, Darter Anhinga melanogaster, Northern Pintail Anas acuta, Common Teal Anas crecca, Spotbill Duck Anas platyrhynchos, Garganey Anas querquedula and Common Coot Fulica atra congregate in these tanks, sometimes in thousands. R. B. Grubh (pers. comm. 2003) has counted huge flocks of Garganey, just before their return migration in March. One flock consisted of nearly 30,000 individuals. According to Wetlands International’s (2002) recent estimates, the total nonbreeding population of this species in South Asia is about 2,50,000. Hence, the 1% population threshold is 2,500. Therefore, these wetlands host about 12% of the total population. This site, therefore, qualifies A4i criteria. The Spot-billed Pelicans are seen in the tanks during breeding season in the Koonthakulam Bird Sanctuary. These wetlands are one of the important foraging grounds for this threatened species (Manakadan and Kannan 2001-2002). OTHER KEY FAUNA: As these wetlands are surrounded by human habitations and agricultural fields, there are no wild large mammal. Various species of commercial fish are found. Tilapia has been introduced that has destroyed small native fish.
Delineation rationale: 2014-03-11 (BL Secretariat): a site area of 431 ha was calculated by GIS from the site polygon, then rounded to the nearest 10% (430 ha).
Habitats
Land use: agriculture | fisheries/aquaculture | water management
| IUCN Habitat | Coverage % | Habitat detail |
|---|---|---|
| Wetlands(Inland) | 50 | |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal | 50 |
Threats
Summary of threats to biodiversity at KBA: MAIN THREATS: Changing land use pattern; Encroachment; Infestation of exotic weeds. Charaching is not a major problem but siltation and weed infestation are posing significant problems to these tanks. Local NGOs have submitted proposals to the Government to protect these wetlands (Grubh and Grubh 1989), not only for the birds but also as a source of water for irrigation and recharging of wells.
| Threat level 1 | Threat level 2 | Threat level 3 | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops | Small-holder farming | Ongoing |
| Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases | Unspecified species | Ongoing |
| Biological resource use | Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | Intentional use (species being assessed is the target) | Ongoing |
| Pollution | Agricultural & forestry effluents | Soil erosion, sedimentation | Ongoing |
Additional information
References: Balachandran, S. (1998) Migratory, Threatened and Rare birds of Kanyakumari District. Proc. Seminar on endangered fauna of Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu (Ed.: R. S. Lal Mohan, 38-39). Manakadan, R. and Kannan, V. (2001-2002) A study of Spot-billed Pelicans Pelecanus philippensis with special reference to its conservation. Annual Report, Bombay Natural History Society. Grubh, R. and Grubh, S. (1989) Suchindram Kulam: A Waterbird Sanctuary for Kumari Distict. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai. Wetlands International (2002) Waterbirds Population Estimates: Third Edition. Wetlands International Global Series No. 12. Wageningen, the Netherlands.