Turkmenbashy Bay (20717)
Turkmenistan, Central Asia
Site overview
KBA status: confirmed
Global KBA criteria: A1a, A1b, A1c, A1d, B1, D1a
Year of last assessment: 2005
National site name: Turkmenbashy Bay
Central coordinates: Latitude: 39.7912, Longitude: 53.3617
System: freshwater, terrestrial
Elevation (m): 2 to 70
Area of KBA (km2): 2628.88373
Protected area coverage (%): 71.51
KBA classification: Global
Legacy site: Yes
Site details
Site description: The IBA encompasses several bays of the Caspian Sea: Turkmenbashy, Balkan, North-Cheleken and Mikhailovsky which are separated from the open sea by Krasnovodskiy and North-Cheleken spits. The north of the territory is limited by ledges of the Krasnovodskiy plateau, in the south by the Cheleken peninsula, and in the northeast by the Dardzha peninsula. The relief of the IBA can be divided into 3 basic components: a) shallow brackish bays having open access to each other and separated from the sea by sandy spits; b) sandy - shelly spits, islands and dunes, overgrown with halophytes; c) stony islands in Balkan Bay, including the largest - Dagada - with an area of 120 hectares. The coastal shallow waters of the Southeast Caspian Sea are the largest flyway, and also the largest wintering area, of waterfowl and waterbirds nesting in Western Siberia, Kazakhstan and other regions of Northern Asia. Alongside favourable natural processes increasing the area of wetlands over the last 10 years, anthropogenic factors have also strongly increased: pollution by mineral oil, disturbance and illegal hunting of a significant proportion of the wintering and migrating waterfowl and waterbirds.
Rationale for qualifying as KBA: This site qualifies as a Key Biodiversity Area of international significance that meets the thresholds for at least one criterion described in the Global Standard for the Identification of KBAs.
Additional biodiversity: The avifauna includes almost 300 species, of which 130 are waterfowl and waterbirds. The majority occur during spring-autumn migration and in winter: Podicipedidae - Podiceps griseigena and Podiceps ruficollis; Phalacrocoracidae - Phalocrocorax саrbo on migration; Ardeae - Botaurus stellaris, Ixobrychus minutus, Ardea cinerea, Ardea purpurea, Egretta alba, Egretta garzetta, Nycticorax nycticorax in small numbers in November. Anser anser stops during migration for feeding on the islands of the Balkan Bay; Anatidae - Tadorna ferruginea, Tadorna tadorna - on migration and wintering, and in summertime scattered pairs nest on Krasnovodskiy spit; Anas acuta, Anas clypeata, Aythya marina, Aythya nyroca and Mergus merganser; Rallidae - Gallinula chloropus, Rallus aquaticus and Porzana porzana in small numbers stop on migration in reed thickets on Krasnovodskiy spit and Bekovicha Bay; Laridae - Larus cachinnans, Larus ridibundus and Larus genei are usual in the bayss; Charadriiformes - Vanellus vanellus, Charadrius alexandrinus, Charadrius dubius, Tringa totanus, Actitis hypoleucos, Philomachus pugnax, Calidris alpina, Gallinago gallinago. Most numerous are Philomachus pugnax and Calidris alpina during autumn-spring migration. The IBA is a typical wetland, providing optimum conditions for waterfowl and water birds. The main migratory birds consist of 44 species (47,8% of all species). Mainly, Netta - (32%) and Anas - (9.5%), Laridae -(15%), Rallidae - (Fulica atra) (17%), Limosa - (10.6%). Non-bird biodiversity: Fish are represented by 10 valuable species: herring (Caspialosa sp.), mullet (Mugil sp.), Rutilus sp., Cyprinus sp., Artediellus sp., Atherina sp., Clupeonella sp., Aspius sp., Salma sp.. Bays provide spawning grounds for commercial fish. Amphibians: lake frog (Rana ridibunda) and green toad (Bufo viridis). Reptiles: directly related to the coast line are 4 species - Echis caruinatus, Agama sanquinolenta and Stellio caucasius (all are not numerous) - at the foot of Garadag mountain and the Ufra peninsula - Natrix tessellata is numerous everywhere where there are reed thickets, in particular on Krasnovodskiy spit. Mammals - about 50 species of which 19 are rodents, 13 - predators, 7 - insectivores and Chiroptera, 2 - ungulates, 1 - Pinnipedia. The most interesting species is the Caspian Seal (Phoca caspica) which is endemic to the Caspian. In 1980 large congregations of seals occurred on Bolshoy Osushnoy island. Vascular plants total more than 360 species. In the sea bays - 41 species of seaweed–macrophytes and 5 species of flowering plants occur. The main vegetation communities in the reserve are various types of desert, floodplains and dry subtropics, plus macrophytes in shallow bays and on the coast. The vegetation of the bays is represented by groups of lower plants (seaweeds) and higher flowering plants (sea grasses). Green (28 species), red (11 species) and brown (1 species) seaweeds form thickets on the shores down to a depth of 6m. In addition to these macroscopicals, there are many hundreds of species of microscopic seaweed - in the plankton and benthos. Flowering plants are represented by a few species: Zostera sp, Ruppia sp, Potamogeton sp, Najas marina. They grow mainly on sandy soils and in water up to a depth of 4.5m.
Habitats
Land use: nature conservation and research (99%) | tourism/recreation (1%)
| IUCN Habitat | Coverage % | Habitat detail |
|---|---|---|
| Wetlands(Inland) | 98 | |
| Desert | 1 | |
| Artificial - Terrestrial | 1 |
Threats
Summary of threats to biodiversity at KBA: Analysis of the anthropogenic factors which have affected ecological conditions for the last decade shows that disturbance has had the greatest negative influence on the condition of waterfowl and water birds. Pollution is also a problem. A developing oil and gas complex is now potentially influencing the site but is subject to a regulated Environmental Impact Assessment. The condition of the wetlands and, accordingly, the fauna and number of water birds are affected by the natural processes connected with changes in the level of the Caspian.
| Threat level 1 | Threat level 2 | Threat level 3 | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases | Unspecified species | Ongoing |
| Human intrusions & disturbance | Recreational activities | Ongoing | |
| Climate change & severe weather | Habitat shifting & alteration | Ongoing | |
| Residential & commercial development | Tourism & recreation areas | Ongoing |
Additional information
References: Vasilev V.I. (1974). The chronicle of Krasnovodskiy reserve. The book 3, Krasnovodsk (not published). (in Russian). Vasilev V.I. (1984). The chronicle of Krasnovodskiy reserve. The book 13. Krasnovodsk (not published). (in Russian). Vasilev V.I., (1986). The report on activity of Krasnovodskiy reserve for 1981-1985 Krasnovodsk (not published). (in Russian). Vasilev V.I. (1990). An estimation of a modern condition of wetlands of the Southeast Caspian sea - places of mass winterings and seasonal migrations of waterfowl and water birds as a basis of rational use of their resources. The report of Krasnovodskiy reserve (not published). (in Russian). Vasilev V.I., Sherbina А.А. (1977). Features of wintering of a waterfowl at east coast of Caspian sea during seasons 1971-72 both 1972-73 and actions of Krasnovodskiy reserve on their extra nutrition. – Resources of wild fowls of coasts of Caspian sea and adjoining areas. Astrakhan. (in Russian). Vasilev V.I., Gauzer M.E. (1991). A role of east coast of Caspian sea in protection of mass winterings and reproduction waterfowl and water birds. - Materials from 1 International conference on problems of Caspian sea. Baku. (in Russian). Vasilev V.I., Gauzer M.E. (1996). Problem of lead pollution on some reservoirs of southeast coast of Caspian sea. - Pressing questions of preservation of the environment and steady development of Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. (in Russian). Gauzer M.E., Vasilev V.I. (1996). The prognosis of dynamics of wintering of a waterfowl for Southeast Caspian sea. - Pressing questions of protection of the environment and sustainable development of Turkmenistan. Ashgabat. (in Russian). Isakov Yu.A. (1940). Ecology of wintering of a waterfowl on Southern Caspian sea. – The transactions of national (USSR) ornithological reserve Gasan-Kuli, (I). (in Russian). Isakov J.A., Vorobev K.A. (1940). The review of winterings and migrations of birds on Southern Caspian sea. The transactions of Soviet-national ornithological reserve Gasan-Kuli, (1). (in Russian). Laptev M.K., Sulima V.L., Frejberg L.R. (1934). National ornithological reserve Gasan-Kuli of the TSSR. - Proceedings of the Turkmen inter-departmental Committee on wildlife management and development of natural resources. (1), Ashkhabad. (in Russian). Rustamov A.K., Vasilev V.I. (1976) Natural reserves of the USSR: (Soviet-national Krasnovodskiy ornithological reserve). - Moscow. Znanie. (in Russian).