Cape Washington (30118)
Antarctica, Antarctica
Site overview
KBA status: confirmed
Global KBA criteria: D1a
Year of last assessment: 2015
National site name: Cape Washington
Central coordinates: Latitude: -74.6187, Longitude: 164.9673
System: marine, terrestrial
Elevation (m): 0 to 500
Area of KBA (km2): 285.79637
KBA classification: Global
Legacy site: Yes
Site details
Site description: Cape Washington is situated on the lower slopes of Mount Melbourne, Victoria Land, in northern Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea. The IBA qualifies on the basis of the Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) and South Polar Skua (Catharacta maccormicki) colonies that breed near Cape Washington, and coincides with the boundary of ASPA No. 173: Cape Washington & Silverfish Bay. The ASPA was designated in 2013 for its outstanding ecological and scientific values, particularly in recognition of the large Emperor Penguin colony present. The nearest permanent stations are Jang Bogo (KOR, year-round), Mario Zucchelli (ITA, summer-only) and Gondwana (DEU, summer occasional use), located ~30 km to the west in the vicinity of Gerlache Inlet.
Rationale for qualifying as KBA: This site qualifies as a Key Biodiversity Area of international significance that meets the thresholds for at least one criterion described in the Global Standard for the Identification of KBAs.
Additional biodiversity: The Emperor Penguin colony population ranges from 13 000 – 25 000 breeding pairs (Barber-Meyer et al. 2007, 2008), and ~17 000 pairs were present in 2010 (G. Kooyman pers. comm. 2012). The colony is one of the largest known, and in some years exceeds the size of the Coulman Island colony IBA to become the largest colony in the Ross Sea. The colony typically breeds on sea ice up to 0.5 km west of Cape Washington, although may break into a number of sub-groups and move several km from this site throughout the breeding season. Around 50 pairs of South Polar Skua breed on ice free slopes above Cape Washington, and Snow Petrels (Pagodroma nivea) have been observed breeding in coastal cliffs northeast of the cape (Greenfield & Smellie 1992). South Polar Skuas were also observed breeding at Oscar Point (~20 pairs) and on Markham Island (~21 pairs) in 1982 (Ainley et al. 1986). Adélie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) are regularly observed near the emperor colony, although do not breed at the site. Other visiting birds observed in the area include Wilson's Storm-petrels (Oceanites oceanicus) and Southern Giant Petrels (Macronectes giganteus) (Kooyman et al. 1990). Non-bird biodiversity: Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) forage in the vicinity and Minke Whales (Balaenoptera bonaerensis), other Balaenoptera species and Arnoux's Beaked Whale (Berardius arnuxii) have been observed nearby. Non-bird biodiversity: Weddell (Leptonychotes weddellii), Leopard (Hydrurga leptonyx) and Crabeater (Lobodon carcinophagus) seals are common in the region. The western part of the area east of the Campbell Glacier Tongue, Silverfish Bay, is a nursery ground for Antarctic Silverfish (Pleuragramma antarcticum).
Delineation rationale: Coincides with ASPA boundary.
Threats
Summary of threats to biodiversity at KBA: The Cape Washington Emperor Penguin colony was visited regularly by tourists over the last 20 years, with an average of ~200 tourists visiting per season over the last decade. Recreational visits have also been undertaken regularly by station personnel from nearby stations (ASPA No. 173 Management Plan 2013). Logistic activity, in particular by aircraft and ships, operating nearby is a potential conservation issue, although access and overflight are now carefully controlled by the ASPA No. 173 Management Plan (2013).
Additional information
References: ASPA No. 173 Cape Washington and Silverfish Bay, Northern Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea: Management Plan (2013). Ainley, D.G., Morrell, S.H. & Wood, R.C. 1986. South Polar Skua breeding colonies in the Ross Sea region. Notornis 33: 155-63. Barber-Meyer, S.M., Kooyman, G.L. & Ponganis, P.J. 2007. Estimating the relative abundance of Emperor Penguins at inaccessible colonies using satellite imagery. Polar Biology 30: 1565-70. Barber-Meyer, S.M., Kooyman, G.L. & Ponganis, P.J. 2008. Trends in western Ross Sea Emperor Penguin chick abundances and their relationships to climate. Antarctic Science 20(1): 3-11. doi:10.1017/S0954102007000673 Greenfield, L.G. & Smellie, J.M. 1992. Known, new and probable Snow Petrel breeding locations in the Ross Dependency and Marie Byrd Land. Notornis 39: 119-24. Kooyman, G.L., Croll, D., Stone, S. & Smith, S. 1990. Emperor penguin colony at Cape Washington, Antarctica. Polar Record 26: 103-08.