Aldabra Special Reserve (6799)
Seychelles, Africa
Site overview
KBA status: confirmed
Global KBA criteria: A1e, B1, B2, D1a
Year of last assessment: 2014
National site name: Réserve Spéciale d'Aldabra
Central coordinates: Latitude: -9.4180, Longitude: 46.3540
System: marine, terrestrial
Elevation (m): 0 to 8
Area of KBA (km2): 919.47925
Protected area coverage (%): 100.00
KBA classification: Global
Legacy site: Yes
Site details
Site description: Aldabra is the world’s largest raised coralline atoll. It is situated 640 km east of the African continent, 420 km north-west of Madagascar, and 1,100 km south-west of Mahé. It comprises four main islands circling a central lagoon, Grande Terre, Malabar, Picard and Polymnie. There are many smaller islands and islets, some of which are rat-free. The land area comprises 15,380 ha, the lagoon 22,400 ha, and the IBA also includes a coastal marine area of 10,700 ha. The terrain is characterized by irregular limestone formations called ‘champignon’. The vegetation is dense and shrubby, adapted to relatively low rainfall and strong winds, and dominated in large areas by Pemphis acidula. Around 15% of the land area is more open, and covered in low grasses known as ‘tortoise turf’. The inner rim of the lagoon is lined with mangroves. The flora is exceptionally rich in endemics, with 19 species restricted to Aldabra and 22 others found also only on other islands of the Aldabra group. There is also a pristine marine ecosystem, with an intact fringing reef and an abundant and diverse fish and invertebrate fauna. A small permanent human population is based on Picard, engaged in wardening the reserve and scientific research. There are several huts on the other main islands for the overnight accommodation of scientists and fieldworkers. In the past, the islands were exploited for mangrove wood, turtles and giant land tortoises.
Rationale for qualifying as KBA: This site qualifies as a Key Biodiversity Area of international significance that meets the thresholds for at least one criterion described in the Global Standard for the Identification of KBAs. KBA identified in the CEPF Ecosystem Profile of the Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands Hotspot (2014). Taxonomy, nomenclature and threat status follow the 2013 IUCN Red List. The following KBA trigger species occur at this site but are not yet available in WBDB, either because they have only been globally Red-List-assessed recently (in 2012-2013; global Red List category is given in brackets, where triggering the Vulnerability KBA criterion) or because they have not yet been globally Red-List-assessed (most of these taxa are nevertheless listed as valid in Catalogue of Life or Tropicos); many of the latter species may prove to be globally threatened, or are already listed as regionally or nationally threatened, and nearly all of the following species are also likely to be endemic to the Hotspot, often with very restricted known ranges, thus also triggering the Irreplaceability 1 KBA criterion: REPTILIA: Aldabrachelys gigantea.
Additional biodiversity: See Box and for key species. The site has, unlike almost every other tropical island of comparable size in the Indian Ocean, no introduced avifauna. There is one extant endemic species, Dicrurus aldabranus (500 pairs), although the status of several other taxa, currently classed as subspecies, is unclear. Another endemic species, Nesillas aldabrana, only discovered in 1967, has not been seen since 1983, and is thought now extinct. Endemic subspecies include Dryolimnas cuvieri aldabranus (1,500–2,700 pairs), the last surviving flightless bird in the Indian Ocean. Another endemic form, Threskiornis aethiopica abbotti (100–250 pairs), is most closely related to the subspecies bernieri of Madagascar which, with it, may form a species distinct from populations on the African mainland. The other endemic subspecies of landbird include Alectroenas sganzini minor (1,000–2,500 pairs), Streptopelia picturata coppingeri (2,000–5,000 pairs), Centropus toulou insularis (400–800 pairs), Caprimulgus madagascariensis aldabrensis (500–1,000 pairs), Hypsipetes madagascariensis rostratus (4,000–8,000 pairs), Nectarinia sovimanga aldabrensis, Zosterops maderaspatana aldabrensis (4,000–10,000 pairs) and Foudia eminentissima aldabranus (1,000–3,000 pairs)—all population estimates are only very approximate. The site is also important for several breeding seabirds, including the world’s second-largest colony of frigatebirds (both Fregata minor and Fregata ariel) as well as, in addition to those listed below, Sterna bergii (60–100 pairs) and the world’s only oceanic breeding colony of Sterna caspia (6–10 pairs). Other breeding waterbirds are Butorides striatus, Ardea cinerea, Anous stolidus and Gygis alba. Aldabra is the only atoll in the world (and the only oceanic site other than Galapagos) where Phoenicopterus ruber (25–50 birds) breeds; evidence of nesting was only discovered in 1995. The lagoon forms an important feeding area for both resident seabirds and shorebirds, and for migrants, notably Dromas ardeola, Arenaria interpres and Sterna saundersi (up to 800). Non-bird biodiversity: Aldabra has the world’s largest population of the giant tortoise Dipsochelys dussumieri, estimated to number c.100,000 individuals in 1997. It is also of global importance for the sea-turtle Chelonia mydas (EN), which comes ashore to nest throughout the year; surveys between 1981–1985 indicated 10,000–18,000 nesting emergences annually; smaller numbers of Eretmochelys imbricata (CR) also breed. There are four species of lizard, including one endemic race Phelsuma abbotti abbotti. There are also four species of bat, including one endemic race of fruit bat, Pteropus seychellensis aldabrensis. A healthy population of the coconut crab Birgus latro (DD) exists throughout the atoll.
Delineation rationale: Type 1 marine IBA: suitable for the seaward extension approach.
Habitats
Land use: nature conservation and research
Threats
Summary of threats to biodiversity at KBA: In 1965 the atoll was threatened when the British government created British Indian Ocean Territory, comprising Aldabra, Desroches, the Farquhar atoll and the Chagos archipelago, with a view to establishing military facilities. Aldabra was the initial focus of these plans, but they were abandoned in 1967 and the lease for the atoll eventually passed to the Royal Society of UK. The Royal Society completed the construction of a research station in 1971. The lease of the atoll and its research facilities passed, in turn, to the Seychelles Islands Foundation, which was established by Presidential Decree on 2 February 1979. Aldabra was declared a World Heritage Site in 1982 and is now staffed by a warden and, usually, a scientific officer, together with about 10 support staff. The research station was rebuilt in 1995–1996, and includes an accommodation block for up to 12 visitors which, when not required for visiting scientific groups, is available to tourists. Visitor access is restricted to Picard, Polymnie and Camp Frégate (Malabar). Rats, cats and goats have been introduced in the past and pose a serious threat to both habitats and wildlife. Control programmes have been implemented, including the eradication of goats from all islands except Grande Terre. Cats have been eliminated from Picard and Dryolimnas cuvieri has been reintroduced to the island. Eradication of cats (now restricted to Grand Terre) from the entire atoll would be beneficial. Some poaching and illegal fishing, difficult to control due to the size of the atoll, may take place, but the remote location of Aldabra has meant that the effects of poaching in the past have been limited. Factors including the low cost of satellite navigation equipment may alter this in the future. There is a possibility of exotic bird species, including Pycnonotus jocosus and Foudia madagascariensis, reaching Aldabra from the island of Assumption, c.30 km south of Aldabra. A management plan has been prepared.
| Threat level 1 | Threat level 2 | Threat level 3 | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases | Named species | Ongoing |
| Biological resource use | Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | Intentional use (species being assessed is the target) | Ongoing |
| Biological resource use | Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources | Unintentional effects: large scale (species being assessed is not the target) [harvest] | Ongoing |