Tarangire National Park (6973)
Tanzania, Africa
Site overview
KBA status: confirmed
Global KBA criteria: D1a
Year of last assessment: 2001
National site name: Tarangire National Park
Central coordinates: Latitude: -3.8333, Longitude: 36.0000
System: freshwater, terrestrial
Elevation (m): 1100 to 1100
Area of KBA (km2): 2628.59629
Protected area coverage (%): 99.88
KBA classification: Global
Legacy site: Yes
Site details
Site description: Tarangire National Park is named after the Tarangire river which flows northwards through the park before discharging into Lake Burungi, which lies just outside the park boundary to the north-west. The rolling hills and swamps are typical of the Masai steppe country to the east and south. The northern sector of the park is dominated by Acacia tortilis woodland and scattered baobab Adansonia trees. Other habitat zones include Acacia–Commiphora and Combretum–Dalbergia woodland. The extensive swamps are seasonal and well-vegetated with little open water. Mature stands of Balanites aegyptiaca often dominate swamp edge and riverine vegetation. There are few large hills within the park; Lolkisale (2,132 m) lies just to the east with the Sangaiwe Hills and Mount Kwaraha (2,415 m) beyond the western border. Average rainfall is only 600 mm/year.
Rationale for qualifying as KBA: This site qualifies as a Key Biodiversity Area of international significance that meets the thresholds for at least one criterion described in the Global Standard for the Identification of KBAs.
Additional biodiversity: See Box and Tables 2 and 3 for key species. There is no species list for the park; the total is likely to exceed 450 species. Globally threatened species include Falco naumanni, which occurs in flocks of hundreds in April, following the start of the rains when invertebrate food-supplies are abundant and the park provides secure roost-sites. A single record of Apalis karamojae from 1998 may represent a range extension for this species. Parus fringillinus breeds at low densities in the south-east of the park, the western edge of the range of its central plateau population. Three Tanzanian endemics, Agapornis personatus, Cosmopsarus unicolor and Histurgops ruficauda, have substantial populations within the park and a fourth, Agapornis fischeri, is a regular visitor. Of special interest are the relatively high numbers of Anthus caffer, a local and rare species in East Africa. Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis is reasonably common, with up to 16 adult birds having been seen on the edge of Silale swamp. Although the park is only 30 km from the wall of the Eastern Rift, it is nevertheless outside the volcanic belt and forms the western limit for many birds typical of the Somali–Masai biome. Non-bird biodiversity: An estimated 3,000 elephant Loxodonta africana (EN) are present in the Tarangire ecosystem. Panthera leo (VU) are resident while Lycaon pictus (EN) are frequently observed in the south-east and Acinonyx jubatus (VU) are frequent visitors. The population of the rhino Diceros bicornis (CR) was wiped out by poachers by the mid-1980s.
Habitats
Land use: agriculture | nature conservation and research | tourism/recreation
| IUCN Habitat | Coverage % | Habitat detail |
|---|---|---|
| Artificial - Terrestrial | 16 | |
| Grassland | 83 |
Threats
Summary of threats to biodiversity at KBA: This park was gazetted in June 1970, having been a Game Reserve since 1957. It was established primarily to protect a vital dry-season habitat for ungulates, rhinoceros and elephant. These mammals disperse to the north, south and, especially, east into the Masai steppe where the Simanjiro plains provide a short-grass calving ground for zebra and wildebeest. Agricultural encroachment along these migration routes is of major concern and, if left unchecked, will isolate the park. Without the assemblage of large mammals the vegetation and consequently the bird fauna will also alter. Agricultural development to the east of the park must be curtailed or zoned to allow easy movement of ungulates between the Simanjiro plains and the park. Land issues are already the major concern of the Masai and present tensions will only increase if there is no clear policy relating to cultivation of the traditionally pastoral steppe.
| Threat level 1 | Threat level 2 | Threat level 3 | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops | Small-holder farming | Ongoing |
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops | Agro-industry farming | Ongoing |
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Wood & pulp plantations | Agro-industry plantations | Ongoing |
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Livestock farming & ranching | Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming | Ongoing |
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Livestock farming & ranching | Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming | Ongoing |
| Biological resource use | Logging & wood harvesting | Unintentional effects: subsistence/small scale (species being assessed is not the target) [harvest] | Ongoing |
| Natural system modifications | Dams & water management/use | Small dams | Only in the future |
| Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases | Named species | Ongoing |
| Pollution | Air-borne pollutants | Smog | Ongoing |
| Pollution | Excess energy | Noise pollution | Ongoing |
| Pollution | Excess energy | Thermal pollution | Ongoing |
| Pollution | Excess energy | Light pollution | Ongoing |
| Residential & commercial development | Commercial & industrial areas | Ongoing | |
| Residential & commercial development | Tourism & recreation areas | Ongoing | |
| Transportation & service corridors | Roads & railroads | Ongoing | |
| Human intrusions & disturbance | Recreational activities | Ongoing | |
| Natural system modifications | Other ecosystem modifications | Ongoing | |
| Climate change & severe weather | Droughts | Ongoing |
Additional information
References: Baker (1997), Lamprey (1963, 1964), Tarangire Conservation Project (1997).