Shadegan marshes and tidal mudflats of Khor-al Amaya and Khor Musa (8126)
Iran, Islamic Republic of, Middle East
Site overview
KBA status: confirmed
Global KBA criteria: A1b, A1d, B1, D1a
Year of last assessment: 1994
National site name: Shadegan marshes and tidal mudflats of Khor-al Amaya and Khor Musa
Central coordinates: Latitude: 30.1667, Longitude: 48.6667
System: marine, terrestrial
Elevation (m): 0 to 15
Area of KBA (km2): 4124.85532
Protected area coverage (%): 81.07
KBA classification: Global
Legacy site: Yes
Site details
Site description: Lying at the head of the Persian Gulf near Abadan, the site comprises the southern portion of the extensive flood-plain and delta system of the Karun, Dez and several other major rivers which rise in the north-west Zagros Mountains. The better-drained areas in the north support fresh to brackish sedge marshes dominated by Scirpus which give way to salt-tolerant vegetation in the central flood-plain and bare, dry mudflats in the south, dominated by Tamarix (Shadegan Marshes, 30°20'N 48°20'E, 282,500 ha). The coastal zone comprises extensive intertidal mudflats, creeks, sandbanks and low muddy islands (Khor-al Amaya, 30°00'N 48°40'E, 19,200 ha; Khor Musa, 30°10'N 49°00'E, 123,440 ha). Autumn and winter rains in the high Zagros cause extensive flooding, creating a vast complex of shallow lagoons which may dry out completely by the end of the summer. The Ahwaz-Abadan road passes along the west side of the site, while the main highway from Abadan to the port of Bandar-e Shahpur runs west to east across the southern edge of the marshes. Summer temperatures are extremely high, with means of over 45°C in July and over 7°C in January; frosts are rare. Precipitation is largely in winter, with an abrupt onset in November and terminating more gradually in April-May. Run-off peaks in late winter, when discharge from the Karun river may be ten times greater than in late summer. The wetland is bordered by barren flats to the north, east and north-west, but there is a large area of rice fields, date gardens and human settlement to the north-east. The land is publicly owned.
Rationale for qualifying as KBA: This site qualifies as a Key Biodiversity Area of international significance that meets the thresholds for at least one criterion described in the Global Standard for the Identification of KBAs.
Additional biodiversity: See boxes for key species. The area is extremely important for a wide variety of wintering waterfowl, especially dabbling ducks, and also a very important breeding and migration staging area. Shadegan Marshes are the most important site in the world for Marmaronetta angustirostris, regularly supporting 30-60% of the world population in winter. There are also notable wintering concentrations of Pelecanus crispus, Ciconia ciconia, Anser anser, dabbling ducks (over 500,000, mainly Anas crecca and A. acuta) and gulls (over 15,000, mainly Larus ridibundus and L. genei). The mudflats at the head of the Persian Gulf hold many thousands of shorebirds, including large numbers of Haematopus ostralegus, Limosa lapponica, Numenius arquata and Tringa totanus. Aquila heliaca winters more commonly here than anywhere else in Iran, and Circus aeruginosus (up to 70) and Aquila clanga (up to nine) also winter in good numbers. Breeding birds include various herons and egrets, Marmaronetta angustirostris, Aythya nyroca, Circus aeruginosus (25-50 pairs), various shorebirds, Larus genei and five species of terns. A variety of landbirds typical of the Persian Gulf coastal plain occur in the surrounding scrub and date gardens, including Hypocolius ampelinus, while the sedge marshes are the stronghold of Cisticola juncidis in Iran. At least 149 species have been recorded in the reserve. Non-bird biodiversity: None known to BirdLife International.
Habitats
Land use: agriculture | nature conservation and research (70%)
| IUCN Habitat | Coverage % | Habitat detail |
|---|---|---|
| Artificial - Aquatic | 5 | |
| Shrubland | 5 | |
| Desert | 5 | |
| Marine Intertidal | 38 | |
| Artificial - Terrestrial | 5 | |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal | 38 | |
| Marine Neritic | 5 |
Threats
Summary of threats to biodiversity at KBA: A Wildlife Refuge of 296,000 ha, encompassing all the main wetland areas and the coastal mudflats in the south, was established in 1972. The central and southern portions of Shadegan Marshes and the mudflats of Khor-al Amaya and Khor Musa (a total of 190,000 ha) were designated a Ramsar Site in 1975. The principal long-term threat is diminished water supply following its diversion for irrigation schemes further north. Parts of the marshes are reported to have been damaged during the Iran-Iraq war, and may have suffered some damage as a result of 'acid rainfall' during the Gulf War.
| Threat level 1 | Threat level 2 | Threat level 3 | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Natural system modifications | Dams & water management/use | Abstraction of surface water (agricultural use) | Ongoing |
| Human intrusions & disturbance | War, civil unrest & military exercises | Only in the past and unlikely to return |
Additional information
References: Carp (1980), IUCN (1991), Ramsar Convention Bureau (1993), Scott (1972c, 1975b, 1976a,c, 1978a, 1991, in press), Scott and Carp (1972), Summers et al. (1987).